Sejarah UMM Malang (My white College)

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM) berdiri pada tahun 1964, atas prakarsa tokoh-tokoh dan Pimpinan Muhammadiyah Daerah Malang. Pada awal berdirinya Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang merupakan cabang dari Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, yang didirikan oleh Yayasan Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah Jakarta dengan Akte Notaris R. Sihojo Wongsowidjojo di Jakarta No. 71 tang-gal 19 Juni 1963.
Pada waktu itu, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang mempunyai 3 (tiga) fakultas, yaitu (1) Fakultas Ekonomi, (2) Fakultas Hukum, dan (3) Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) Jurusan Pendidikan Agama. Ketiga fakultas ini mendapat status Terdaftar dari Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi pada tahun 1966 dengan Surat Keputusan Nomor 68/B-Swt/p/1966 tertanggal 30 Desember 1966.
Pada tanggal 1 Juli 1968 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang resmi menjadi universitas yang berdiri sendiri (terpisah dari Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta), yang penyelenggaraannya berada di tangan Yayasan Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah Malang, dengan Akte Notaris R. Sudiono, No. 2 tertanggal 1 Juli 1968. Pada perkembangan berikutnya akte ini kemudian diperbaharui dengan Akte Notaris G. Kamarudzaman No. 7 Tanggal 6 Juni 1975, dan diperbaharui lagi dengan Akte Notaris Kumalasari, S.H. No. 026 tanggal 24 November 1988 dan didaftar pada Pengadilan Malang Negeri No. 88/PP/YYS/ XI/ 1988 tanggal 28 November 1988.
Pada tahun 1968, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang menambah fakultas baru, yaitu Fakultas Kesejahteraan Sosial yang merupakan fi‘lial dari Fakultas Kesejahteraan Sosial Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta. Dengan demikian, pada saat itu Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang telah memiliki empat fakultas. Selain itu, FKIP Jurusan Pendidikan Agama mendaftarkan diri sebagai Fakultas Agama yang berada dalam naungan Departemen Agama dengan nama Fakultas Tarbiyah.
Pada tahun 1970 Fakultas Tarbiyah ini mendapatkan status yang sama dengan Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN), dengan Surat Keputusan Menteri Agama Nomor 50 Tahun 1970. Pada tahun ini pula Fakultas Kesejahteraan Sosial mengubah namanya menjadi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dengan Jurusan Kesejahteraan Sosial. Kemudian pada tahun 1975 Fakultas ini resmi berdiri sendiri (terpisah dari Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta) dengan Surat Keputusan Terdaftar Nomor 022 A/1/1975 tanggal 16 April 1975.
Fakultas yang kemudian ditambahkan adalah Fakultas Teknik, yaitu pada tahun 1977. Pada tahun 1980 dibuka pula Fakultas Pertanian, kemudian menyusul Fakultas Peternakan. Antara tahun 1983 sampai dengan 1993, ditambahkan jurusan-jurusan baru dan ditingkatkan status jurusan-jurusan yang suudah ada. Yang terakhir, pada tahun 1993 Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang membuka Program Pascasarjana Program Studi Magister Manajemen dan Magister Sosiologi Pedesaan . Sampai tahun akademik 1994/1995 ini, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang telah memiliki 9 fakultas dan 25 jurusan/program studi tingkat strata Si, dua program studi strata-S2, dan satu akademi /strata-D3 Keperawatan. Pada rentang tiga puluh tahun perjalanan UMM ini (1964- 1994), perkembangan yang paling berarti dimulai pada tahun 1983-an. Sejak saat itu dan seterusnya UMM mencatat perkembangan yang sangat mengesankan, balk dalam bidang peningkatan status Jurusan, dalam pembenahan administrasi, penambahan sarana dan fasilitas kampus, maupun penambahan dan peningkatan kualitas tenaga pengelolanya (administrasi dan akademik). Tahun 2009, UMM menggabungkan Fakultas Pertanian dan Fakultas Peternakan-Perikanan menjadi Fakultas Pertanian dan Peternakan agar sesuai dengan konsorsium Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian.
Dalam bidang sarana fisik dan fasilitas akademik, kini telah tersedia tiga buah kampus: Kampus I di Jalan Bandung No. 1, Kampus II di Jalan Bendungan Sutami No. 188a, dan Kampus III (Kampus Terpadu) di Jalan Raya Tlogo Mas. Dalam bidang peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas tenaga akademik, telah dilakukan (1) rekruitmen dosen-dosen muda yang berasal dari berbagai perguruan tinggi terkemuka di pulau Jawa, (2) Peningkatan kualitas para dosen dengan mengirim mereka untuk studi lanjut (S2 dan S3) di dalam maupun di luar negeri. Berkat perjuangan yang tidak mengenal berhenti ini, maka kini Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang sudah menjelma ke arah perguruan tinggi alternatif. Hal ini sudah diakui pula oleh Koordinator Kopertis Wilayah VII yang pada pidato resminya pada wisuda sarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang tanggal 11 Juli 1992, mengemukakan bahwa UMM tergolong perguruan tinggi yang besar dan berprospek untuk menjadi perguruan tinggi masa depan yang berkualitas.
Dengan kondisi yang terus ditingkatkan, kini Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang dengan bangga tetapi rendah hati siap menyongsong masa depan, untuk ikut serta dalam tugas bersama "mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa" dan "membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya" dalam menuju menjadi bangsa Indonesia yang bermartabat dan sejajar dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia.

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History and Development of Computer

 The computer evolution is indeed an interesting topic that has been explained in some
different ways over the years, by many authors.  According to The Computational Science
Education Project, US, the computer has evolved through the following stages: 

The Mechanical Era (1623-1945)
Trying to use machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced to the early 17th
century. Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibnitz were among mathematicians who designed and implemented  calculators that were capable of addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division included.

The first multi-purpose or  programmable computing device was probably Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never completed. In 1842, Babbage designed a more ambitious machine, called the Analytical Engine but unfortunately it also was only partially completed.  Babbage, together with Ada Lovelace recognized several important programming techniques, including conditional branches, iterative  loops and index variables.    Babbage designed the machine which is arguably the first to be used in computational science. In 1933, George Scheutz  and his son, Edvard began work on a smaller version of the difference engine and by 1853 they had constructed a machine that could process  15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences.  
The US Census Bureau was one of the first organizations to use the mechanical
computers which used punch-card equipment designed by Herman Hollerith to tabulate data for the 1890 census. In 1911 Hollerith's company merged with a competitor to found the
corporation which in 1924 became International Business Machines (IBM).

First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953)
These devices used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum tubes, instead of
electromechanical relays.  The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by J. V.
Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State in 1937. Atanasoff set out to
build a machine that would help his graduate  students solve systems of partial differential
equations. By 1941 he and graduate student Clifford Berry had succeeded in building a machine that could solve 29 simultaneous  equations with 29 unknowns. However, the
machine was not programmable, and was more of an electronic calculator.

A second early electronic machine was Colossus, designed by Alan Turing for the British
military in 1943.  The first general purpose  programmable electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. Research work began in 1943, funded by the Army Ordinance Department, which needed a way to compute ballistics during World War II. The machine was completed in 1945 and it was used extensively for calculations during the design of the hydrogen bomb.  Eckert, Mauchly, and John von Neumann, a consultant to the ENIAC project, began work on a new machine before ENIAC was finished. The main contribution of EDVAC, their new project, was the notion of a stored program.  ENIAC was controlled by a set of external switches and dials; to change the program required physically altering the settings on these controls. EDVAC was able to run orders of magnitude faster than ENIAC and by storing instructions in  the same medium as data, designers could concentrate on improving the internal structure of the machine without worrying about matching it to the speed of an external control.  Eckert and Mauchly later designed what was arguably the first commercially successful  computer, the UNIVAC; in 1952.  Software technology during this period was very primitive.

Second Generation (1954-1962)
The second generation witnessed several important developments at all  levels of computer
system design, ranging from the technology used to build the basic circuits to the
programming languages used to write scientific applications.  Electronic switches in this era
were based on discrete diode and transistor technology with a  switching time of
approximately 0.3 microseconds. The first machines to be built with this technology include
TRADIC at Bell Laboratories in 1954 and TX-0 at MIT's Lincoln  Laboratory.  Index
registers were designed for controlling loops and floating point units for calculations based
on real numbers.
A number of high level programming languages were introduced and these include
FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959). Important commercial machines of
this era include the IBM 704 and its successors, the 709 and 7094.  In the 1950s the first two
supercomputers were designed specifically for numeric processing in scientific applications.

Third Generation (1963-1972)
Technology changes in this generation include the use of integrated circuits, or ICs
(semiconductor devices with several transistors built into one physical component),
semiconductor memories, microprogramming as  a technique for efficiently designing
complex processors and the introduction of operating systems and time-sharing.  The first ICs were based on small-scale integration (SSI) circuits, which had around 10 devices per circuit (or ‘chip’), and evolved to the use of medium-scale integrated (MSI) circuits, which had up to 100 devices per chip. Multilayered printed circuits were developed and core memory was replaced by faster, solid state memories.

In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600, which was the first architecture to use
functional parallelism. By using 10 separate functional units that could operate
simultaneously and 32 independent memory  banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a
computation rate of one million floating point operations per second (Mflops).  Five years
later CDC released the 7600, also developed  by Seymour Cray. The CDC 7600, with its
pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of
executing at ten Mflops. The IBM 360/91, released during the same period, was roughly
twice as fast as the CDC 660.

Early in this third generation, Cambridge  University and the University of London
cooperated in the development of CPL (Combined Programming Language, 1963). CPL was,
according to its authors, an attempt to capture only the important features of the complicated and sophisticated ALGOL. However, like ALGOL, CPL was large with many features that
were hard to learn. In an attempt at further  simplification, Martin Richards of Cambridge
developed a subset of CPL called BCPL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967). In
1970 Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed yet another simplification of CPL called simply
B, in connection with an early implementation of the UNIX operating system. comment):

Fourth Generation (1972-1984)
Large scale integration (LSI - 1000 devices per chip) and very large scale integration (VLSI -
100,000 devices per chip) were used in the construction of the fourth generation computers.
Whole processors could now fit onto a single chip, and for simple systems the entire
computer (processor, main memory, and I/O controllers) could fit on one chip. Gate delays
dropped to about 1ns per gate.  Core memories were replaced by semiconductor memories.
Large main memories like CRAY 2 began to replace the older high speed vector processors,
such as the CRAY 1, CRAY X-MP and CYBER  

In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the C language from the design of the CPL and
Thompson's B. Thompson and Ritchie then used C to write a version of UNIX for the DEC
PDP-11.   Other developments in software include very high level languages such as FP
(functional programming) and Prolog (programming in logic).

IBM worked with Microsoft during the 1980s to start what we can really call PC (Personal
Computer) life today.  IBM PC was introduced in October 1981 and it worked with the
operating system (software) called ‘Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS DOS) 1.0.
Development of MS DOS began in October 1980 when IBM began searching the market for
an operating system for the then proposed IBM PC and major contributors were Bill Gates,
Paul Allen and Tim Paterson.  In 1983, the Microsoft Windows was announced and this has
witnessed several improvements and revision over the last twenty years.   

Fifth Generation (1984-1990)
This generation brought about the introduction of machines with hundreds of processors t
could all be working on different parts of  a single program. The scale of integration
semiconductors continued at a great pace and by 1990 it was possible to build chips wit
million components - and semiconductor memories became standard on all comput
Computer networks and single-user workstations also became popular. 

Parallel processing started in this generation.  The Sequent Balance 8000 connected up to
processors to a single shared memory module though each processor had its own local cac
The machine was designed to compete with the DEC VAX-780 as a general purpose U
system, with each processor working on a different user's job. However Sequent provide
library of subroutines that would allow programmers to write programs that would use m
than one processor, and the machine was widely used to explore parallel algorithms a
programming techniques.  The Intel iPSC-1, also known as ‘the hypercube’ connected e
processor to its own memory and used a network interface to connect processors. T
distributed memory architecture meant memory was no longer a problem and large syste
with more processors (as many as 128) could be built. Also introduced was a machi
known as a data-parallel or SIMD where there were several thousand very simple process
which work under the direction of a single control unit.  Both wide area network (WAN) a
local area network (LAN) technology developed rapidly.

Sixth Generation (1990 - Now)
Most of the developments in computer systems since 1990 have not been fundamen
changes but have been gradual improvements  over established systems.  This generat
brought about gains in parallel computing in both the hardware and in improv
understanding of how to develop algorithms to exploit parallel architectures.  Workstation technology continued to improve, with processor designs now using a combination of RISC, pipelining, and parallel processing.   Wide area networks, network bandwidth and speed of operation and networking capabilities have kept developing tremendously.  Personal computers (PCs) now operate with Gigabit per second processors, multi-Gigabyte disks, hundreds of Mbytes of RAM, colour printers, high-resolution graphic monitors, stereo sound cards and graphical user interfaces.  Thousands of software (operating systems and application software) are existing  today and Microsoft Inc. has been a major contributor.  Microsoft is said  to be one of the biggest companies ever, and its chairman – Bill Gates has been rated as the richest man for several years.

Finally, this generation has brought about micro controller technology.  Micro controllers are ’embedded’ inside some other devices (often consumer products) so that they can control the features or actions of the product.  They work as small computers  inside devices and now serve as essential components in most machines.

sumber: http://tkjsmkn1bengkayang-artikel.blogspot.com/2012/12/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-komputer.html

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Articles on the Web Browser and Search Engine

A. INTERNET EXPLORER
Based on the graphic history of Internet explorer web browser from Microsoft development above 8 software. version of 1.0 (1995), 2.0 (1995), 3.0 (1996), 4.0 (1997), 5.0 (1999), 6.0 (2001), 7.0 ( 2006), and 8.0 (2009), has supported Microsoft Windows, but some versions are also owned by an apple macintosh version can be viewed on Internet Explorer for Mac, for UNIX version, can be seen in internet explorer or UNIX, to the mobile version of Internet Explorer such as pocket and Windows CE mobile can of internet explorer.
1994-1997 (Early Start):
Internet Explorer was first derived from the original mosaic spyglass. Mosaik come from NCSA, but since NCSA became a public entity "spyglass relied on as a commercial partner learning. Spyglass back from 2 versions of Microsoft's browser for a mosaic entirely based on the source code of the NCSA and other machinery from scratches but the concept model of the NCSA browser. Internet Explorer on building initialized using spyglass instead NCSA source code. Learning to provision for the supply of Microsoft spyglass and (NCSA) with the fourth value plus a percentage of Microsoft's results for the software.
The browser then in the design and published as Internet Explorer. Microsoft Internet Explorer 1.0.Pada originally issued in August 1995 in a 2 pack, retail MS added plus for windows 95 and via through OEM released from from the windows 95 version 1.5 was released several months later for Windows N1 .Versi 2.0 released for Windows 95 and Windows NT with support for basic table rendering, an early web standards that .Versi 2.0 which was released for Microsoft Windows 95 and NT in November 1995 coupled with 4/ssh support cookies, VRML and Internet newsgroups.
Version 2.0 which was released for Macintosh and Windows 3.1 in April 1996, version 2 was composed on the Internet starter kit for windows 95 Microsoft early in 1996 in which retail for $ 19.99 and includes a handbook and 30 days to access MSN internet among other future .
Internet Explorer 3.0 was released free of charge in August 1996 by bundling with other OEM Windows 95 was released. Microsoft makes scr indirect "revenues" in Internet Explorer and subject only to the payment spyglass minimum price ¼ 1997, spyglass threatens MS with contact with the response which MS "stettled" to Usk 8 juta.Versi 3 consisted of internet Mai and News .1.0 and windows address book many browsers these closest to the bar that has been set netscape, including support of technology plugins.Netscape (JUPAPI), AktifX, frame and media player are integrated into products and applications become necessary helper them all -kali.Escadim seeks style (CSS) are also introduced in version 3 of IE.
1997-2001 (Browser wars)

Version 4 was released September 1997 "dhipped) with Windows 95 OEM Service Release OSR or 2.5 and the latest beta version of Windows 98 and dimodif for integrity closer to Microsoft Windows. Including the option to be "active desktop" which displayed the contents of the world wide web and on the desktop itself updated automatically as content is changed the user can select other pages to use active desktop is good .. Technology "Active Channel" also introduced to obtain information that updates automatically dri website. Technology is based on the XML standard known as Channel Defination Format (CDF) which is currently using a dating web syndication formats such as RSS. This version is designed to work on Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT, and can also be downloaded from the internet, for free. This is supported Dynamic HTML (DHTML). Outlook Express 4.0 also into the browser and place reschedule Microsoft products. Internet Mail and News are written with earlier versions.
Version 5 came out in 1995 followed relis Meret Microsoft IE version 5.0 Beta of the end of 1998. Bidirectional text, text and direct ruby ​​xml or xslt support including a shot that is released with support for CSS level 1 and 2. The fact the release of IES occurred in 3 levels:
1. Developers who previously were released in June 1998 (5.0 BI) and then the previously released on november 1998 (5.0B2) later in March 1999 released last release (5.0). On september released with Windows 98, version 5.0 is the last release for Windows NT windows.3.1x or 3x.
2. Internet explorer was later released for Windows ME in july 2000, and consists of a lot of viruses and security fixes. 5.5 is a version of the latter has a matching models which allow Internet Explorer version 4 runs parallel to 5x.
3. Internet Explorer 6 was released with Windows XP in August 2001. with a central focus on the primacy of privacy and security as consumers have to make priorities. Microsoft implements P3P support tools. A technology under development by the W3C.

sumber: http://waterfres.blogspot.com/2013/06/articles-on-web-browser-and-search.html

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The History of Internet

Most of the world now revolves around the internet and many people would be lost without it. It has not been around forever though and it has been constantly developed ever since its launch and now it is truly something amazing that the majority take for granted.

In the 1950s electronic computers were developed and these had a link with another terminal away from the computer and these were first examples of the internet. The early stages of the internet only consisted of point-to-point networking which basically information is going straight from one computer to another; a bit like how a telephone works. This stayed the same until the late 1960s which was when packet switching was experimented with. Packet switching had a shared network available to multiple computers although this was relatively basic back then. Through the early packet switching only basic messages making this rather limited.
As this developed a man called Robert Taylor tried to develop the Arpanet and on the 29th October he made an interconnected link between a research centre in Stamford, USA to the University of California, Los Angeles. This was a distance of over 300 miles which was quite an achievement. The only problem with this that only 2 letters were sent over the network and then it crashed but it was a huge step forward and it was a good base to develop from.

Less than 2 months later on the 2nd December 2 more nodes were added with the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbra being added. The University of Utah was over 700 miles way and this shows how quickly the network was developing. This network worked without crashing and continued to develop. By 1981 it had 213 hosts with a new host being added every 20 days. This was a huge growth and showed that it was possible to have a network between multiple computers. Although back then it was expensive to run and this could have limited it a bit.

As this was going on many other networks were developed and not many were as successful as the Arpanet. Nasa created a network that was more successful than all of the other networks and it was truly outstanding. They developed the TCP/IP which connected scientist all over the world. By 1989 it had connected 20,000 scientists in all seven continents proving that the link between computers was not limited at all. These networks could only send messages to other computers and the idea of a website was merely a dream.
As more networks became successful people began looking at ways that the networks could be merged or moved over to one big network. Nasa’s network continued to grow and other organisations began to use it. CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research) tried to develop it further and with the help Tim Berners-Lee they helped incorporate this network and create the internet in 1989. Tim Berners-Lee is universally recognised as the inventor of the internet today.

Back when it was first invented it was fairly basic and what you could do was fairly basic. The first website was built within CERN in France in 1991. This website held information about the project of creating a World Wide Web and the address of this website was http://info.cern.ch/ and this website is still used today. The website also held information on how to use a web browser and other information required so that the internet could be used. In 2004 Tim Berners-Lee received a knighthood to recognise his achievement.
Ever since then the internet has been developing and now you can share practically anything over the internet and you can connect to anyone around the world. In December 2011 there were 2.3 Billion users on the internet which is a huge growth from the two computers sending 2 letters over a distance of 300 miles.

sumber: http://www.artikelbahasainggris.info/

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Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Komunikasi

Faktor yang mempengaruhi komunikasi diantaranya :
Latar belakang budaya.
Interpretasi suatu pesan akan terbentuk dari pola pikir seseorang melalui kebiasaannya, sehingga semakin sama latar belakang budaya antara komunikator dengan komunikan maka komunikasi semakin efektif.
Ikatan kelompok atau group
Nilai-nilai yang dianut oleh suatu kelompok sangat mempengaruhi cara mengamati pesan.
Harapan
Harapan mempengaruhi penerimaan pesan sehingga dapat menerima pesan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.
Pendidikan
Semakin tinggi pendidikan akan semakin kompleks sudut pandang dalam menyikapi isi pesan yang disampaikan.
Situasi
Perilaku manusia dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan/situasi.



sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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Model-model Komunikasi

Dari berbagai model komunikasi yang sudah ada, di sini akan dibahas tiga model paling utama, serta akan dibicarakan pendekatan yang mendasarinya dan bagaimana komunikasi dikonseptualisasikan dalam perkembangannya.

Model Komunikasi Linear
 Model komunikasi ini dikemukakan oleh Claude Shannon dan Warren Weaver pada tahun 1949 dalam buku The Mathematical of Communication. Mereka mendeskripsikan komunikasi sebagai proses linear karena tertarik pada teknologi radio dan telepon dan ingin mengembangkan suatu model yang dapat menjelaskan bagaimana informasi melewati berbagai saluran (channel). Hasilnya adalah konseptualisasi dari komunikasi linear (linear communication model). Pendekatan ini terdiri atas beberapa elemen kunci: sumber (source), pesan (message) dan penerima (receiver). Model linear berasumsi bahwa seseorang hanyalah pengirim atau penerima. Tentu saja hal ini merupakan pandangan yang sangat sempit terhadap partisipan-partisipan dalam proses komunikasi. Suatu konsep penting dalam model ini adalah gangguan (noise), yakni setiap rangsangan tambahan dan tidak dikehendaki yang dapat mengganggu kecermatan pesan yang disampaikan. Gangguan ini selalu ada dalam saluran bersama sebuah pesan yang diterima oleh penerima.

Model Interaksional
Model interaksional dikembangkan oleh Wilbur Schramm pada tahun 1954 yang menekankan pada proses komunikasi dua arah di antara para komunikator. Dengan kata lain, komunikasi berlangsung dua arah: dari pengirim dan kepada penerima dan dari penerima kepada pengirim. Proses melingkar ini menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi selalu berlangsung. Para peserta komunikasi menurut model interaksional adalah orang-orang yang mengembangkan potensi manusiawinya melalui interaksi sosial, tepatnya melalui pengambilan peran orang lain.[7] Patut dicatat bahwa model ini menempatkan sumber dan penerima mempunyai kedudukan yang sederajat. Satu elemen yang penting bagi model interkasional adalah umpan balik (feedback), atau tanggapan terhadap suatu pesan.

Model transaksional
Model komunikasi transaksional dikembangkan oleh Barnlund pada tahun 1970. Model ini menggarisbawahi pengiriman dan penerimaan pesan yang berlangsung secara terus-menerus dalam sebuah episode komunikasi. Komunikasi bersifat transaksional adalah proses kooperatif: pengirim dan penerima sama-sama bertanggungjawab terhadap dampak dan efektivitas komunikasi yang terjadi. Model transaksional berasumsi bahwa saat kita terus-menerus mengirimkan dan menerima pesan, kita berurusan baik dengan elemen verbal dan nonverbal. Dengan kata lain, peserta komunikasi (komunikator) melalukan proses negosiasi makna.

sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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Proses Komunikasi

Secara ringkas, proses berlangsungnya komunikasi bisa digambarkan seperti berikut.
Komunikator (sender) yang mempunyai maksud berkomunikasi dengan orang lain mengirimkan suatu pesan kepada orang yang dimaksud. Pesan yang disampaikan itu bisa berupa informasi dalam bentuk bahasa ataupun lewat simbol-simbol yang bisa dimengerti kedua pihak.

Pesan (message) itu disampaikan atau dibawa melalui suatu media atau saluran baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Contohnya berbicara langsung melalui telepon, surat, e-mail, atau media lainnya.
media (channel) alat yang menjadi penyampai pesan dari komunikator ke komunikan.

Komunikan (receiver) menerima pesan yang disampaikan dan menerjemahkan isi pesan yang diterimanya ke dalam bahasa yang dimengerti oleh komunikan itu sendiri.

Komunikan (receiver) memberikan umpan balik (feedback) atau tanggapan atas pesan yang dikirimkan kepadanya, apakah dia mengerti atau memahami pesan yang dimaksud oleh si pengirim.

sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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Komponen Komunikasi

Komponen komunikasi adalah hal-hal yang harus ada agar komunikasi bisa berlangsung dengan baik. Menurut Laswell komponen-komponen komunikasi adalah:

 -   Pengirim atau komunikator (sender) adalah pihak yang mengirimkan pesan kepada pihak lain.
 -   Pesan (message) adalah isi atau maksud yang akan disampaikan oleh satu pihak kepada pihak lain.
 -   Saluran (channel) adalah media dimana pesan disampaikan kepada komunikan. dalam komunikasi antar-pribadi (tatap muka) saluran dapat berupa udara yang mengalirkan getaran nada/suara.
 -   Penerima atau komunikate (receiver) adalah pihak yang menerima pesan dari pihak lain
 -  Umpan balik (feedback) adalah tanggapan dari penerimaan pesan atas isi pesan yang disampaikannya.
 -  Aturan yang disepakati para pelaku komunikasi tentang bagaimana komunikasi itu akan dijalankan ("Protokol")

sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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Sejarah Komunikasi

Komunikasi atau communicaton berasal dari bahasa Latin communis yang berarti 'sama'. Communico, communicatio atau communicare yang berarti membuat sama (make to common). Secara sederhana komuniikasi dapat terjadi apabila ada kesamaan antara penyampaian pesan dan orang yang menerima pesan. Oleh sebab itu, komunikasi bergantung pada kemampuan kita untuk dapat memahami satu dengan yang lainnya (communication depends on our ability to understand one another).

Pada awalnya, komunikasi digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kebutuhan organis. Sinyal-sinyal kimiawi pada organisme awal digunakan untuk reproduksi. Seiring dengan evolusi kehidupan, maka sinyal-sinyal kimiawi primitif yang digunakan dalam berkomunikasi juga ikut berevolusi dan membuka peluang terjadinya perilaku yang lebih rumit seperti tarian kawin pada ikan.

Manusia berkomunikasi untuk membagi pengetahuan dan pengalaman. Bentuk umum komunikasi manusia termasuk bahasa sinyal, bicara, tulisan, gerakan, dan penyiaran. Komunikasi dapat berupa interaktif, komunikasi transaktif|transaktif, komunikasi bertujuan|bertujuan, atau komunikasi tak bertujuan|tak bertujuan.

Melalui komunikasi, sikap dan perasaan seseorang atau sekelompok orang dapat dipahami oleh pihak lain. Akan tetapi, komunikasi hanya akan efektif apabila pesan yang disampaikan dapat ditafsirkan sama oleh penerima pesan tersebut.

Walaupun komunikasi sudah dipelajari sejak lama dan termasuk “barang antik”, topik ini menjadi penting khususnya pada abad 20 karena pertumbuhan komunikasi digambarkan sebagai “penemuan yang revolusioner”, hal ini dikarenakan peningkatan teknologi komunikasi yang pesat seperti radio. Televisi, telepon, satelit dan jaringan komuter seiring dengan industrialisasi bidang usaha yang besar dan politik yang mendunia. Komunikasi dalam tingkat akademi mungkin telah memiliki departemen sendiri dimana komunikasi dibagi-bagi menjadi komunikasi masa, komunikasi bagi pembawa acara, humas dan lainnya, namun subyeknya akan tetap. Pekerjaan dalam komunikasi mencerminkan keberagaman komunikasi itu sendiri.

sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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Pengertian Komunikasi

Komunikasi adalah suatu proses penyampaian informasi (pesan, ide, gagasan) dari satu pihak kepada pihak lain. Pada umumnya, komunikasi dilakukan secara lisan atau verbal yang dapat dimengerti oleh kedua belah pihak. apabila tidak ada bahasa verbal yang dapat dimengerti oleh keduanya, komunikasi masih dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan gerak-gerik badan, menunjukkan sikap tertentu, misalnya tersenyum, menggelengkan kepala, mengangkat bahu. Cara seperti ini disebut komunikasi nonverbal.

sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi

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